This study explored the associations between physical activity anxiety levels, and the perception of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, during Coronavirus Disease 2019 lockdown. Thus, 1,404 participants ranging from 18 to 89 years old completed a questionnaire in the period between 1st and 15th April 2021. The survey included sociodemographic data and the following validated instruments: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Basic Need General Satisfaction Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to examine variation in (...) anxiety levels and BPN satisfaction according to PA category. Spearman’s Rho correlations coefficients were used to determine the association between anxiety levels and psychological needs. Individuals presenting a higher level of PA revealed lower levels of anxiety-state. Differences between elements from different levels of PA were found for the autonomy, competence, and relatedness psychological needs, suggesting that those who feel their BPN as more satisfied have higher levels of PA. The study found statistically significant correlations between anxiety-state and the satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These findings support the importance that PA has in the anxiety levels during social isolation, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary teams in an individual-based approach. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa elucidar as relações entre Fernando Pessoa, Schopenhauer e a questão do livre arbítrio, tendo por base a leitura que o autor português fez da obra schopenhaueriana. Com efeito, ao longo dos escritos de Pessoa encontramos múltiplos testemunhos da leitura que o poeta e pensador português fez do pensamento schopenhaueriano. Um importante indício para o estudo da reapropriação pessoana do pensamento de Schopenhauer constata-se, desde logo, na Biblioteca Particular de Fernando Pessoa, onde encontramos uma tradução francesa do (...) texto Über die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens [Sobre a liberdade da vontade] de Schopenhauer. A leitura deste livro viria a ocasionar a produção de uma multiplicidade de escritos filosóficos que Fernando Pessoa atribui a duas das suas personalidades literárias fictícias inglesas do universo pré-heteronímico: Charles Robert Anon e Alexander Search. Assim, tendo por base todos estes indícios, pretendemos mostrar o impacto da leitura de Schopenhauer no universo literário pessoano. (shrink)

Warming up prior to competition is a widely accepted strategy to increase players’ readiness and achieve high performances. However, pre-match routines are commonly based on empirical knowledge and strongly influenced by models emerging from elite team practices. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze current pre-match warm-up practices in elite futsal. Forty-three elite players were analyzed during their pre-match warm-up routines during the Portuguese Futsal Cup Final 8. Warm-up tasks were classified according to duration, type of (...) activity, sequence, and structure. External load variables included the total distance covered, total distance covered per minute, running distance per minute, sprinting distance per minute, number of accelerations per minute, and number of decelerations per minute. Results highlighted that warm-up routines lasted for 27.5 ± 9.2 min and included nine major different tasks. Open-skill activities were prioritized by coaches; competitive and non-competitive futsal-specific tasks were included in 90% of the total warm-up routines, with higher focus on non-competitive tasks. The intensity progressively increased during warm-ups, mainly because of the higher number of accelerations and decelerations per minute. Pre-match warm-up routines strongly endorse futsal-specific and representative tasks in order to establish pre-match settings able to prepare players for the upcoming game. When designing pre-match warm-up routines, coaches should be aware that duration, sequence, and type of tasks may affect players’ acute performance and readiness. (shrink)

Nowadays and worldwide, the attention is focused on coronavirus disease, and its consequences on mental health are yet to be fully understood. It is important to capture differences in anxiety levels among populations, groups, and the gender-related variation. Therefore, the present study had two main purposes: to characterize the levels of state anxiety and trait anxiety by examining gender-related, sleep-related, and physical activity-related variations in a nonrepresentative sample of the Portuguese population during the first weeks of lockdown; and to explore (...) the possible relationship between trait anxiety and state anxiety and the possible role of gender as a moderator. This cross-sectional study comprised 1,332 Portuguese adults recruited online during COVID-19 outbreak measures. Participants answered to sociodemographic data and the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Gender differences were found in both state anxiety and trait anxiety with females presenting higher values. People reporting doing more physical activity than usual during COVID-19 lockdown presented lower levels of state anxiety. People reporting more satisfaction with the quality of sleep presented lower levels of both state anxiety and trait anxiety. Variation associated with the physical activity level was significantly different among groups in both state anxiety and trait anxiety. When analyzing in more detail separating the levels of physical activity, participants performing moderate and high physical activity showed lower values of state and trait anxiety compared to participants with low physical activity. Participants performing high physical activity also showed lower values of state anxiety compared to participants performing moderate physical activity. Higher levels of trait anxiety were related to higher levels of state anxiety, but this association was not moderated by gender. Interventions aiming to support people psychologically during this outbreak should consider anxiety as well as gender and possible behavioral changes in sleep and physical activity, for example. Health professionals should not only consider the anxiety related to the situation we are living but also address trait anxiety to help overcome COVID-19 psychological consequences. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste texto, proponho utilizar a noção de estilo como uma chave de interpretação ética para a estética fisiológica de Nietzsche no âmbito de sua crítica tardia a Wagner. Procuro analisar o papel performativo da “arte do estilo” nietzschiana na medida em que, ao comunicar a condição fisiológica de um corpo, ele pode afetar de maneira negativa ou positiva a configuração pulsional de outro corpo. Considero que, ao subsidiar as etapas fundamentais do ato médico, o diagnóstico e a terapêutica, o (...) estilo se apresenta como um componente imprescindível para o filósofo, o médico da cultura.: In this paper, I propose to use the notion of style as a key to ethical interpretation for Nietzsche’s physiological aesthetics in the context of his Wagner’s late critique. I try to analyze the performative role of the Nietzschean “art of style” insofar as, when communicating the physiological body’s condition, it can affect in a negative or positive way the drive configuration of another body. I consider that, by subsiding the fundamental stages of the medical act, diagnosis and therapy, style presents itself as an essential component for the philosopher, the culture’s doctor. (shrink)

Cismando com o dualismo cartesiano e seus desdobramentos em práticas e estruturas escolares contemporâneas nas margens do capitalismo Resumo: Esse texto relaciona conceitos que, advindos de áreas do conhecimento diferentes, fundamentam estruturas de subordinação e controle, próprios de muitas práticas e hábitos da vida de diversos povos que habitam as margens do capitalismo moderno e colonialista. Ao articular os desdobramentos trazidos por cada um desses personagens conceituais, nota-se o quanto eles se interseccionam ao fundamentar muito da forma de viver da (...) modernidade, sobretudo em contextos da periferia do capitalismo. Essa articulação se dá por meio de uma investigação bibliográfica sem deixar de refletir sobre as práticas da vida. Para tanto, inicia-se com uma descrição dos fundamentos dualistas cartesianos da ciência e da sociedade ocidental moderna. A seguir, busca-se descrever como esses conceitos se enredam em uma teia que institucionaliza hábitos típicos da estrutura de escola que vigora no país. Por fim, encaminham-se possibilidades de alternativas conceituais que refletem e sustentam práticas educacionais em direção à emancipação e superação das condições impostas pela modernidade/ colonialidade/capitalismo. Encerra-se o artigo com dois apontamentos resultantes do curso da pesquisa: conhecimento é criação, cultivo, cuidado; emancipar-se envolve, necessariamente, a ação de narrar a própria história. Palavras-chave: Educação; Emancipação; Modernidade/colonialidade/capitalismo. Doubting about cartesian dualism and its consequences in contemporary school practices and structures on the margins of capitalism Abstract: This text relates concepts that, coming from different areas of knowledge, underlie structures of subordination and control, typical of many practices and habits of life of different peoples who inhabit the margins of modern and colonialist capitalism. By articulating the developments brought about by each of these conceptual characters, it is possible to notice how much they intersect in grounding much of the way of living of modernity, especially in contexts on the periphery of capitalism. This articulation goes through a bibliographic investigation, without ceasing to reflect on the practices of life. To do so, it begins with a description of the Cartesian dualist foundations of science and modern Western society. Next, we seek to describe how these concepts are entangled in a web that institutionalizes typical habits of the school structure in force in the country. Finally, possibilities of conceptual alternatives that reflect and sustain educational practices towards emancipation and overcoming the conditions imposed by modernity/coloniality/capitalism are presented. The article ends by pointing out two paths resulting from the course of the research so far, that knowledge is creation, cultivation, care, and that emancipating oneself necessarily involves the action of narrating one's own history. Key-words: Education; Emancipation; Modernity/coloniality/capitalism. Dudando del dualismo cartesiano y sus consecuencias en las prácticas y estructuras escolares contemporáneas al margen del capitalismo Resumen: Este texto relaciona conceptos que, provenientes de diferentes áreas del conocimiento, subyacen en estructuras de subordinación y control, propias de muchas prácticas y hábitos de vida de diferentes pueblos que habitan los márgenes del capitalismo moderno y colonialista. Al articular los desarrollos provocados por cada uno de estos personajes conceptuales, es posible notar cuánto se cruzan al fundamentar gran parte de la forma de vida de la modernidad, especialmente en contextos en la periferia del capitalismo. Esta articulación se produce a través de una investigación bibliográfica, sin dejar de reflexionar sobre las prácticas de la vida. Para hacerlo, comienza con una descripción de los fundamentos dualistas cartesianos de la ciencia y la sociedad occidental moderna. A continuación, buscamos describir cómo estos conceptos se enredan en la red que institucionaliza hábitos típicos de la estructura escolar vigente en el país. Finalmente, se presentan posibilidades de alternativas conceptuales que reflejan y sustentan las prácticas educativas hacia la emancipación y la superación de las condiciones impuestas por la modernidad/colonialidade/capitalismo. El artículo finaliza señalando dos caminos resultantes del curso de la investigación hasta el momento, que el conocimiento es creación, cultivo, cuidado, y que emanciparse implica necesariamente la acción de narrar la propia historia. Palabras-clave: Educación; Emancipación; Modernidad/colonialidade/capitalismo. Data de registro: 18/08/2021 Data de aceite: 20/10/2021. (shrink)

We present a synthesis of the trajectory of the philosopher and historian of ideas Antonio Paim, followed by the interview we did to him. In the interview, the philosopher recounts his long intellectual journey, which went through marxism and kantism. His political career went through communism in youth and liberalism in maturity. Paim knew what it is like to be a dissident, when he was a member of the Communist Party and ended up being a political prisoner, and what it (...) is like to be linked to the establishment, when he was an advisor to the presidency of the Liberal Front Party. Paim’s long intellectual trajectory, with its changes and intensities, refers to the very history of republican Brazil, with its dramatic twists and turns. Being an unprecedented report, the interview helps to understand the brazilian intellectual culture of the second half of the 20th century and how intellectuals articulate themselves in relation to power. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, investigamos a concepção nietzschiana para a “filosofia do direito”. Assim, apresentamos a hipótese de que o autor possui uma conceituação heterodoxa acerca da filosofia do direito, podendo ser entendida numa perspectiva genealógica. Para coloca-la à prova, analisamos um fragmento póstumo de 1883 em três momentos: incialmente, apresentamos a crítica nietzschiana à filosofia do direito de Rudolf von Jhering. Em um segundo momento, indicamos que Nietzsche sinaliza uma perspectiva genealógica como novo método para ela. Por fim, apresentamos o (...) que ele entende como um exemplo de erro interpretativo dos filósofos do direito: a significação da punição.: In this article, we investigate the Nietzschean conception of “philosophy of law”. Thus, we present the hypothesis that the author has a heterodox concept of the philosophy of law, which can be understood from a genealogical perspective. To put it to the test, we analyzed a posthumous fragment from 1883 in three moments: initially, we presented the Nietzschean critique of Rudolf von Jhering’s philosophy of law. In a second step, we indicate that Nietzsche signals a genealogical perspective as a new method for the philosophy of law. Finally, we present what he understands as an example of an interpretative error by legal philosophers: the meaning of punishment. (shrink)

Background Doctors often deal with end-of-life issues other than assisted death, such as incompetent patients and treatment withdrawal, including food and fluids. Methods A link to a questionnaire was sent by email three times, at one-week intervals, to the doctors registered in the Northern Section of the Portuguese Medical Association. Results The questionnaire was returned by 1148 (9%) physicians. This study shows that only a minority of Portuguese doctors were willing to administer drugs in lethal doses to cognitively incompetent patients (...) at the request of a family member or other close person, and even less would do it on their initiative. Most doctors favored the withdrawal of life support measures in advanced and progressive diseases at the patient’s request. Still, much fewer doctors agreed with the suspension of supportive life measures at the request of a family member, another close person, or by their own unilateral decision. However, fewer agreed with that action concerning the rest of the food and fluids. Portuguese doctors favor the administration of drugs for suffering control, even foreseeing they could shorten life. Conclusion Most doctors in this study respect patients’ autonomy but disagree with measures decided by others that have an impact on patients’ survival. They also agree with the administration of drugs for suffering control, even considering the possibility of shortening life. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é contextualizar, sinteticamente, o liberalismo da Teoria da justiça de John Rawls dentro da tradição, a partir de alguns de seus elementos essenciais, tais como as idéias de contrato, de liberdade, de igualdade e de racionalidade, e identificá-lo a uma forma própria e metódica de se pensar a política como sabedoria. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Liberalismo. Teoria da justiça. John Rawls. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to summarily contextualize the liberalism of Rawls’s A Theory of Justice, (...) within the political tradition and its essential elements, such as the ideas of contract, liberty, equality, and rationality, so as to identify its proper form and method to think politics as wisdom. KEY WORDS – Liberalism. Theory of justice. John Rawls. (shrink)

Establishing effective pharmaceutical governance is a challenge for government agencies, private enterprises, and professionals working on the ground, demanding complex ethical decisions from the actors involved, especially in a lower-middle-income country like Ghana. This letter aims to share the author’s perspectives and additional considerations on the analyses of the reports in the paper “It is very difficult in this business if you want to have a good conscience”: pharmaceutical governance and on-the-ground ethical labor in Ghana by Hampshire et al. The (...) letter's authors discuss the need to advance universal health coverage in Ghana, the everyday ethics, and the disparities between the collective and individual moral consciousness of the participants, as well as other aspects of governance in the pharmaceutical sector. (shrink)

Turing’s much debated test has turned 70 and is still fairly controversial. His 1950 paper is seen as a complex and multilayered text, and key questions about it remain largely unanswered. Why did Turing select learning from experience as the best approach to achieve machine intelligence? Why did he spend several years working with chess playing as a task to illustrate and test for machine intelligence only to trade it out for conversational question-answering in 1950? Why did Turing refer to (...) gender imitation in a test for machine intelligence? In this article, I shall address these questions by unveiling social, historical and epistemological roots of the so-called Turing test. I will draw attention to a historical fact that has been only scarcely observed in the secondary literature thus far, namely that Turing’s 1950 test emerged out of a controversy over the cognitive capabilities of digital computers, most notably out of debates with physicist and computer pioneer Douglas Hartree, chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, and neurosurgeon Geoffrey Jefferson. Seen in its historical context, Turing’s 1950 paper can be understood as essentially a reply to a series of challenges posed to him by these thinkers arguing against his view that machines can think. Turing did propose gender learning and imitation as one of his various imitation tests for machine intelligence, and I argue here that this was done in response to Jefferson's suggestion that gendered behavior is causally related to the physiology of sex hormones. (shrink)

: Interpreting results of contemporary neuroscientif studies, I present a non-reductive physicalist account of mind-brain relationship from which the criticism of unintelligibility ascribed to the notion of mental causation is considered. Assuming that a paradigmatic criticism addressed to the notion of mental causation is that presented by Jaegwon Kim’s analysis on the theory of mind-body supervenience, I present his argument arguing that it encompasses a formulation of the problem of mental causation, which leads to difficulties by him pointed. To ask (...) "how mental events, being a non-physical property of the brain, could act causally on brain structure and functioning?", is not to treat the mind as a property of the brain, but as a Cartesian substance. I argue that, rather than asking "how does mind could act causally on the brain?", as if the mind were something apart and independent of the brain, it would be more in line with a non-reductive physicalist view to ask "how the brain, guided by its mind, could act causally on itself?". To justify this last formulation of the problem of mental causation, I propose a "double face view", which consists in considering the consciousness as the essential property of the mind, and mind and brain as inseparable, dependent and irreducible faces. It means, in general terms, that the conscious mind is the result of brain structure and activity - "conscious mind as brain" - and that the brain, using its conscious mind as a guide to its actions, interacts with its body, and with the physical and sociocultural environment, constructing and being constructed by both - "brain as conscious mind". Resumo: Interpretando resultados de estudos neurocientíficos contemporâneos, apresento, em linhas gerais, uma abordagem fisicalista não-reducionista da relação mente-cérebro, a partir da qual a crítica de ininteligibilidade atribuída à noção de causação mental é considerada. Assumindo que uma crítica paradigmática à noção de causação mental é aquela apresentada por Jaegwon Kim, em suas reflexões sobre a teoria da superveniência mente-corpo, considero criticamente o seu argumento, oferecendo uma concepção geral a respeito da relação mente-cérebro, a qual acredito tornar a noção de causação mental inteligível. Penso que o principal problema do argumento de Kim se relaciona à formulação da questão da causação mental por ele aceita. Por exemplo, ao perguntar "como os eventos mentais, sendo propriedades não-físicas do cérebro, podem agir causalmente sobre a estrutura e funcionamento do cérebro?" a mente está sendo considerada não como uma propriedade do cérebro, mas como uma substância cartesiana. Entendo que, em vez de perguntar "como a mente age causalmente sobre o cérebro?", como se a mente fosse algo dele separada e independente, seria mais conforme a uma concepção fisicalista não-reducionista perguntar "como o cérebro, guiado por sua mente, pode agir causalmente sobre si mesmo?" Para justificar essa formulação do problema da causação mental, proponho uma "abordagem dupla face" da relação mente-cérebro, segundo a qual a consciência é a propriedade essencial da mente, sendo a mente inseparável do cérebro, embora a ele irredutível, e a estrutura e funcionamento do cérebro dependente numa certa medida da existência da mente. Isso significa, em termos gerais, que a mente consciente resulta da estrutura e funcionamento do cérebro - "mente consciente como cérebro" -, e que o cérebro, usando a mente consciente como um guia para sua ação, interage com seu corpo e com o ambiente físico e sociocultural circundante, construindo e sendo construído por ambos - "cérebro como mente consciente". (shrink)

The Turing test has been studied and run as a controlled experiment and found to be underspecified and poorly designed. On the other hand, it has been defended and still attracts interest as a test for true artificial intelligence (AI). Scientists and philosophers regret the test’s current status, acknowledging that the situation is at odds with the intellectual standards of Turing’s works. This article refers to this as the Turing Test Dilemma, following the observation that the test has been under (...) discussion for over seventy years and still is widely seen as either too bad or too good to be a valuable experiment for AI. An argument that solves the dilemma is presented, which relies on reconstructing the Turing test as a thought experiment in the modern scientific tradition. It is argued that Turing’s exposition of the imitation game satisfies Mach’s characterization of the basic method of thought experiments and that Turing’s uses of his test satisfy Popper’s conception of the critical and heuristic uses of thought experiments and Kuhn’s association of thought experiments to conceptual change. It is emphasized how Turing methodically varied the imitation game design to address specific challenges posed to him by other thinkers and how his test illustrates a property of the phenomenon of intelligence and suggests a hypothesis on machine learning. This reconstruction of the Turing test provides a rapprochement to the conflicting views on its value in the literature. (shrink)

Dentre todas as possibilidades de ação feminista, há a militância em espaço público e a prática em apoio às mulheres, bem como a levada de consciência sobre pautas feministas para as mulheres, tanto no âmbito privado como no público. Esta era a abordagem de Andrea Dworkin, que proferia discursos em marchas e levava suas próprias experiências para o âmbito da escrita, sua prática profissional. A mesma abordagem era utilizada por Suzanne Lacy, artista contemporânea que, através de instalações urbanas, realizava suas (...) ações de militância combinada à arte. Este trabalho visa traçar parâmetros comuns entre estas duas mulheres, focando em suas pautas e na reverberação de seus trabalhos um em relação ao outro, bem como na sociedade.Palavras-chave: Público. Arte Contemporânea. Feminismo. AbstractAmongst all possibilities of feminist action there’s the militant strategy: to take the word of action into the public space, to act in women’s aid, to talk to your target audience and bring your discourse to the people. That was Andrea Dworkin’s strategy, who would bring her speeches into women’s marches and take her experience into her writing, which was her profession. The same strategy was taken by Suzanne Lacy, contemporary artist who focuses on urban installations to mix political and artistic action. This paper correlates these two authors, focusing on their preferred subjects and how their works reverberated together and in society.Keywords: Public. Contemporary Art. Feminism. (shrink)

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é discutir uma releitura do layout de argumentos proposto originalmente por Stephen Toulmin e desenvolvido posteriormente por Toulmin; Rieke; Janik no sentido de enquadrá-lo como: um instrumento útil para a análise da configuração funcional da argumentação epistêmica e, por conseguinte, para a avaliação da consistência da argumentação, o que está ligado à faceta justificatória de tal atividade; um instrumento válido para a análise do dissenso e do dialogismo, característicos da faceta comunicativa da argumentação, no que (...) diz respeito ao funcionamento da prova retórica do logos, um dos principais fatores envolvidos no processo de conquista da adesão. Nesse sentido, procedemos a uma reconceptualização dos componentes do layout de argumentos - Alegação, Dados, Garantia, Base, Qualificador e Refutação - e propomos uma noção de movimento argumentativo compatível com a nossa abordagem, que busca ser linguística, discursiva e cognitivamente coerente, respondendo a requisitos teóricos e analíticos ligados tanto à faceta justificatória quanto comunicativa da argumentação. ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss a reframing of Toulmin’s layout of arguments, originally proposed in The Uses of Argument and further developed in An Introduction to Reasoning. In this approach, we conceive of the layout as: a useful instrument for analyzing the functional configuration of epistemic argumentation and, thus, for evaluating consistency, a dimension of analysis pertaining to the justificatory facet of argumentation; a valid instrument for analyzing dissension and dialogism, fundamental elements of the communicative facet of argumentation, in terms of the functioning of logos, one of the rhetorical proofs involved in the process of achieving adherence. Hence, we reconceptualize the components of the layout - Claim, Data, Warrant, Backing, Qualifier and Rebuttal - and propose a notion of argumentative move compatible with our approach, which aims at achieving linguistic, discursive and cognitive coherence and at responding to the theoretical and analytical requirements involved in the consideration of the justificatory and communicative facets of argumentation. (shrink)

ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o livro de Marcos Nobre, publicado em 2018 com o título Como nasce o novo. A primeira parte deste artigo consiste em um comentário propriamente dito sobre a primeira parte do livro de Nobre, a qual consiste na apresentação do mesmo. A segunda parte do artigo faz uma breve análise da tradução ecomentários sobre a Introdução da Fenomenologia do Espírito de Hegel, realizados por Marcos Nobre na segunda parte de seu livro. O objetivo último (...) deste artigo é contudo, discutir com o autor sobre um problema específico presente em Como nasce o novo: o conceito hegeliano de absoluto. AbstractThe objective of this work is to analyze the book by Marcos Nobre, published in 2018 with the title Como nasce o novo. The first part of this article consists of a commentary on the first part of the Nobre’s book, which consists of its presentation. The second part of the article makes a brief analysis of the translation and the comments on the introduction to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, carried out by Marcos Nobre in the second part of his book. The ultimate objective of this article is, however, to discuss with the author a specific problem presents in Como Nasce oNovo: the Hegelian concept of the absolute. (shrink)

This article deals with the justification of water-related conflicts by analyzing a hypothetical war for Guarani Aquifer resources. In disagreement, a theoretical framework would be needed to justify war. First, Walzer’s version of Just War Theory (JWT) is presented as the most consolidated reference. Then, Waddington’s criticism of JWT is discussed when it comes to hydric resources, delineating the particularities of a natural resource and establishing that the “moral weight of water scarcity” should be considered. Following this, the hypothetical conflict (...) among countries is introduced. Finally, pragmatism is advocated for justification of conflicts involving water. (shrink)

This work points out problems that would arise from applying the “Global Harm Principle” (GHP), a non-ideal theory regarding global migrations. The Global Harm Principle derives from the “Harm Principle”, articulated by John Stuart Mill during the 19th century, expanded to include geopolitical relations and migratory flows. The article aims to refute GHP. Several objections are listed to demonstrate the unfeasibility of its implementation, through historical and socio-political reasoning, as well as thought experiments. We conclude by speculating that the deficiencies (...) in GHP are due to its formulator, Shelley Wilcox, inadvertently falling into a fallacy of composition when expanding Mill’s reasoning to cover geopolitics and, afterwards, committing a fallacy of division when addressing harm compensation. (shrink)

This article analyzes Teilhard’s references to Marxism, highlighting his dialogue with the influential Marxist thought of the 20th century. Despite not deeply engaging with Marx’s works, Teilhard acknowledges the significance of Marxist ideas within the cultural context of the last century. Positioned within the framework of grand narratives, Teilhard’s Christian perspective offers an alternative to Marxism, emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of reality that integrates spiritual and material dimensions. By exploring Teilhard’s interactions with Marxism, this study sheds light on the complex (...) intellectual landscape of the era, where competing ideologies shaped debates about the meaning of human existence and history. (shrink)

This article first points out that attempts to establish the fo u ndations of an existent ial psycho a nalysis are always pre s e nt in Sartre’s philosophy. After pre s e nt i ng philosophies that are inc o r p o rated and re c reated in the process of giving shape to the project of existent ial psycho a nalysis, it gives examples of how this psycho a nalysis should be. At end, the article suggests in (...) what way Sartre’s criticism to Fre ud ian psycho a nalysis can today ins p i re cont e m p o rary Brazilian psychoanalytical thinking. (shrink)

The concept of human gene therapy came on the heels of fundamental discoveries on the nature and working of the gene. However, realistic prospects to correct the underlying cause of recessive genetic disorders through the transfer of wild‐type alleles of defective genes had to wait for the arrival of recombinant DNA technology. These techniques permitted the isolation and insertion of genes into the first recombinant delivery systems. The realization that viruses are natural gene carriers provided inspiration for gene therapy and, (...) as engineered vectors, viruses became prominent gene delivery vehicles. Nonetheless, when put in the context of human and non‐human primate studies, all vectors fell short of success regardless of their viral or non‐viral origin. Recognition of issues such as inefficient gene transfer and short‐lived or scant expression in the relevant cell type(s) prompted researchers to refine and develop several gene delivery systems, in particular those based on retroviruses, adeno‐associated viruses and adenoviruses. Concomitantly, available technology was deployed to tackle disorders that require few genetically corrected cells to attain therapy. BioEssays 27: 506–517, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Scientific publications depict science as an orderly endeavour and the epitome of rationality. In contrast, scientific practice is messy and not strictly rational. Here, I analyse this inconsistency, which is recurrent, and try to clarify its meaning for the functioning of science. The discussion is based on a review of relevant literature and detailed analysis of the role of each of the three intervening elements, the scientist, his/her practice and the scientific publication, with an emphasis on the circular mode of (...) the latter’s creation. This way, I will discuss the nature, causes and relevance of the inconsistency. That corresponds to answering three questions, respectively: ‘what are the characteristics of the inconsistency?’, ‘what are its origins?’ and ‘how could it be interpreted within a model for the structure and functioning of science?’ From this discussion it is concluded that, contrary to the negative character generally attributed to it, the inconsistency between practice and reporting is part of the production mechanism of science. (shrink)

The world of work has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high instability observed in the labor market, bringing several new challenges for leaders and employees. The present study aims to analyze the role of organizational and job resources in predicting employees’ job insecurity during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, through the mediating role of work engagement. A sample of 207 Portuguese employees participated, of which 64.7% were women. Data was collected using an online (...) survey, including self-report measures of organizational resources, job resources, job insecurity, and work engagement. Data showed that job and organizational resources negatively influenced job insecurity. Moreover, work engagement was a significant mediator of the relation between performance feedback and job insecurity. Findings suggest that investing in job and organizational resources can act as protective factors to minimize feelings of job insecurity. Likewise, leaders should foster work engagement among employees to help them balance the relation between these resources and job insecurity, especially in crisis situations. Overall, this study takes a new, underexplored perspective, theoretically bridging organizational and job resources with job insecurity and work engagement during a time of great uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

ResumoO artigo aponta o reducionismo da determinação exclusivamente socioeconômica do povo e dos grandes na interpretação de McCormick sobre Maquiavel. Este reducionismo resulta em uma leitura limitada de O Príncipe, não examinando satisfatoriamente os capítulos I ao III e o problema da inovação neles expresso. Defende-se que estes capítulos e este problema podem ser examinados pela tematização do conflito, quando se considera a questão da desunião entre grandes e povo para além do seu caráter socioeconômico.Uma comparação entre as leituras de (...) Pocock e Lefort é mobilizada para tanto, pois elas examinam os capítulos iniciais de O Príncipe e reconhecem neles o problema da inovação. O que as diferencia é Lefort reconhecer o tema do conflito enquanto implícito nos capítulos em questão. Com esta comparação, deixa-se indicado que Lefort permite ampliar o horizonte interpretativo visado por McCormick, permitindo uma compreensão mais complexa e dinâmica do conflito entre classes em Maquiavel.AbstractThis article indicates a reductionism on the exclusively socioeconomic determination of the popolo and the grandi in McCormick’s interpretation of Machiavelli. This reductionism results in a limited reading of The Prince, one that does not satisfactorily examine chapters I to III and the problem of innovation therein expressed. I defend that these chapters and this problem can be examined through the thematization of conflict, if one considers the question of the disunion between grandi and popolo beyond its socioeconomical character. A comparison between Pocock’s and Lefort’s interpretations is mobilized for it, for they examine the initial chapters of The Prince and recognize the problem of innovation therein. What differentiates them is that Lefort recognizes the theme of conflict as implicit in the initial chapters of The Prince. Through this comparison I indicate that Lefort allows us to broaden McCormick’s interpretative horizon, allowing a more complex and dynamic comprehension of conflict. (shrink)

This article is a presentation of Plantinga’s ontological argument in its historical and systematical frames. Criticisms of the argument are presented as well. Philosophical claims underlying the defense of the argument are described as minimalist, but their connection with a strong logical system is noted.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo será de analisar a atuação da Confederação Católica do Trabalho junto aos trabalhadores de Belo Horizonte, entre 1919 e 1930. Para tanto, são consideradas a prática discursiva católica, a luta por direitos e por melhores condições de vida e a mediação dos conflitos entre capital e trabalho. A entidade, orientada pela encíclica Rerum Novarum , foi a difusora do catolicismo junto aos trabalhadores de Belo Horizonte. A metodologia da análise do discurso é utilizada com o (...) objetivo de perceber o papel das práticas discursivas católicas e a inserção do catolicismo entre os trabalhadores de Belo Horizonte. As fontes nucleares da pesquisa são O Operário e os Annaes do Conselho Deliberativo de Bello Horizonte . Críticas comumente feitas que atribuem a esse tipo de ação reformista a responsabilidade por um movimento operário pouco autônomo ou "amarelo" são contrariadas. Tentamos demonstrar que a estratégia sindical reformista católica buscou atender às demandas urgentes dos trabalhadores: jornada de oito horas, descanso dominical e habitações. Palavras-chave: Reformismo; Discurso católico; Catolicismo e trabalho.This article analyzes the performance of the Catholic Labor Confederation with workers in Belo Horizonte between 1919 and 1930. For such, it focuses on the Catholic discourse practice, the struggle for rights and better conditions of life, and the mediation of conflicts between capital and labor, with basis on Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum , which diffused Catholicism among Belo Horizonte workers. The discourse analysis methodology aims at grasping the role of Catholic discourse practice and the penetration of Catholicism among those workers. The research sources are O Operário ("The worker") and the Annaes do Conselho Deliberativo de Bello Horizonte ("Annals of the Belo Horizonte Deliberative Council"). Criticism attributing to that kind of reformist action the responsibility for little autonomy in the workers' movement - a "yellow" movement, so as to say - is groundless. The author attempts to demonstrate that the reformist trade union strategy tried to meet the workers' urgent demands: eight hours' work daily, Sunday rest and housing. Key-words: Reformism; Catholic discourse; Catholicism and labor. (shrink)

Normative systems have been advocated as an effective tool to regulate interaction in multi-agent systems. The use of deontic operators and the ability to represent defeasible information are known to be two fundamental ingredients to represent and reason about normative systems. In this paper, after introducing a framework that combines standard deontic logic and non-monotonic logic programming, deontic logic programs (DLP), we tackle the fundamental problem of equivalence between normative systems using a deontic extension of David Pearce’s Equilibrium Logic and (...) its monotonic basis, the logic of Here-and-There. We also show how deontic logic programs can be used to represent and reason about normative systems, and establish a strong connection with input-output logic. (shrink)

The imperative to practice hospitality constitutes a mark of Western civilization. Already in Homer’s Odyssey, the hero Ulysses punishes Polyphemus for not having respected the obligation of hospitality towards him and his companions. In fact, hospitality has been a constitutive element of the West, marked by linguistic, cultural, and religious differences, in a world whose borders are supposed to be well defined. In his discussion of hospitality, Derrida shows how Socrates, in Plato’s dialogue The Apology of Socrates, places himself in (...) the position of a foreigner. In fact, Socrates presents himself as foreigner, that is, someone who is alien to the language and procedures of the court that is judging him. According to Derrida, he shows, in this way, the extent to which the foreigner is forced to ask for hospitality in a language he does not know. The court reduces Socrates to the other, the different. Moreover, the court forces him to deny his difference, his own identity, asking him to adapt himself to a system that he does not control. The paradox arises when Socrates, who regrets being regarded as a foreigner, asks the court to treat him at least as a foreigner. He feels so outraged that he asks to be granted at least the rights of a non-national. In doing so, Socrates shows how recognizing the rights of the foreigner generates hospitality but, at the same time, also limits it. Whenever a human being is recognized as human being, he or she will necessarily be seen as another, as someone different. This person will have to adapt him or herself to a system, culture or world that will define him or her as a foreigner. In short, in the phenomena that we tend to see as hospitality there is always a certain hostility. In a world of ongoing migratory crises, and in the context of a return to nationalisms of exclusion combined with populisms of prejudice and aversion to those who are different, it becomes imperative to rethink the ethics and politics of hospitality. In this context, Derrida’s distinction between conditioned and unconditioned hospitality can be useful. (shrink)

Carrying out analyzes of qualitative master's and doctoral research continues to be a great difficulty for researchers in training. Thus, in this writing I present an itinerary for documental studies of public policies, scientific and literary texts, based on the Ricoeurian hermeneutics of discourse, text and ideology, based on two works by the philosopher, several articles to validate the interpretive procedure; and the dialogue with contributions from the gestalt clinical discourse, as the main application of the proposal is in the (...) field of Psychology and health studies. In the script I present a dynamic structure composed of three interconnected steps: identification; b) general and specific structure; c) hermeneutics of discourse. As an illustration I apply the itinerary to a poetic text. I conclude that the script allows, in the work of interpretation, to establish the distance from belonging and to overcome the intention of what the author intended to say. (shrink)

RESUMO:Não é incomum que se tome o diálogo de Schelling conhecido como Clara por um estoque de proposições filosóficas, do qual se arrancam aquelas mais apropriadas para a tese que se queira sustentar. Procuramos nos afastar desse tipo de procedimento. Tomando seriamente seu tratamento literário, trata-se antes de investigar esse diálogo, apreendendo-o como um modelo, ensaiado pelo filósofo, para uma crítica do presente. Para tanto, analisamos a oscilação entre diálogo e narrativa, de modo a compreender sua composição e princípio formal, (...) o que acarreta uma reflexão, interna à obra, sobre o tempo histórico, o qual se apresenta numa dialética entre inatualidade e presente. ABSTRACT:It is not unusual that Schelling’s dialogue known as Clara is taken for a stock of philosophical propositions from which one may pluck ideas appropriate for the thesis one wishes to defend. In this article, we try to move away from this type of procedure. Taking Schelling’s literary treatment seriously, our purpose is to investigate this dialogue by looking upon it as a model, put forth by the philosopher, for a critique of the present. We therefore analyze the oscillation between dialogue and narrative in Clara in order to understand its composition and formal principle. This oscillation entails a reflection on historical time and presents a dialectic between inactuality and the present. (shrink)

This book symposium comprises a précis of Nuno Venturinha’s Description of Situations: An Essay in Contextualist Epistemology together with four critical commentaries on different aspects of the book by Marcelo Carvalho, João Vergílio Gallerani Cuter, Marcos Silva and Darlei Dall’Agnol, and the author’s replies.

Turing made strong statements about the future of machines in society. This article asks how they can be interpreted to advance our understanding of Turing’s philosophy. His irony has been largely caricatured or minimized by historians, philosophers, scientists, and others. Turing is often portrayed as an irresponsible scientist, or associated with childlike manners and polite humor. While these representations of Turing have been widely disseminated, another image suggested by one of his contemporaries, that of a nonconformist, utopian, and radically progressive (...) thinker reminiscent of the English Romantic poet Percy B. Shelley, has remained largely underexplored. Following this image, I will reconstruct the argument underlying what Turing called (but denied being guilty of) his “Promethean irreverence” (1947–1951) as a utopian satire directed against chauvinists of all kinds, especially intellectuals who might sacrifice independent thought to maintain their power. These, Turing hoped, would eventually be rivaled and surpassed by intelligent machines and transformed into ordinary people, as work once considered “intellectual” would be transformed into non-intellectual, “mechanical” work. I study Turing’s irony in its historical context and follow the internal logic of his arguments to their limit. I suggest that Turing genuinely believed that the possibilities of the machines he envisioned were not utopian dreams, and yet he conceived them from a utopian frame of mind, aspiring to a different society. His ever-learning child machines, whose intelligence would grow out of their own individual experiences, would help distribute power. (shrink)

Neste artigo, usamos a Análise de Discurso Crítica como abordagem teórico-metodológica para analisar argumentos de ministros e ministras do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em um acórdão que afetou o entendimento jurisprudencial brasileiro sobre a Lei Maria da Penha. O principal objetivo neste trabalho é analisar como a Justiça constrói argumentos relativos à violência contra as mulheres em um órgão público notório, como o STJ, que é popularmente conhecido como "Tribunal da Cidadania" por, supostamente, garantir o exercício de vários direitos para (...) a população brasileira. Também buscamos trazer a público diálogos conflitantes, ideologias e jogos de poder inerentes à decisão em análise.This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis as thetheoretical framework to analyze the arguments used by the Superior Court of Justice in decisions related to the Maria da Penha Act, which had significant impact on Brazilian case law. The author's main objective is to discuss how Brazilian Justices construct legal arguments about violence against women in such an important public institution as the Superior Court, popularly known as the "Citizenship Court." The paper also aims to expose conflicting dialogues, ideologies, and power games that are inherent in these decisions. (shrink)

This article aims to highlight about representative character of new digital technologies and from their contradictory accelerated effects to society and their constitutive relationships. To this end, reflects concerning state considerations of private and real things in which new technologies deal. Moreover, search highlight the proximity of this advance in knowledge with to the enlightened myths. Finally, signals the actuality of critical to nonconformity and resistance to modern regressions, because the possible fusion of biological and digital results in more control (...) being the sophistry of nature’s liberation in slavery irrational of technoscientific reason. (shrink)

This is a review of the book Metaética: algumas tendências. The book contains papers of three important philosophers in this subject, Peter Railton, Allan Gibbard and Stephen Darwall. Since this book has been published, the study of metaethics has been improved in Brazil. In this review we describe the main aspects of the book, focusing on Railton’s ideas.

Este estudo enfoca os estilos de vida de adolescentes escolares a fim de identificar tanto as práticas protetivas quanto as arriscadas entre grupos de adolescentes. O estudo transversal contou com uma amostra de 1210 adolescentes escolares de nono ano do ensino fundamental de 66 escolas públicas est.

Do passeio pela filosofia Deleuze-Guattariana ao encontro com o possível conceito de programas de vida Resumo: De todas as maneiras de incursionar uma filosofia, o passeio pareceu ser a abordagem possível diante do emaranhado pensamento de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari. Ainda que alguns se dediquem a localizar onde começa e onde termina a contribuição de cada um nas obras que os dois filósofos escreveram juntos, é nesse entre, no encontro de dois pensadores, que enfrentavam questões específicas em cada campo (...) de ação, mas que foram capazes, por meio da troca, ou melhor do roubo recíproco, como gostava de dizer Deleuze, que se produziu um pensamento que não se acomoda ou se ajusta à tradição. Desse passeio, destaca-se o encontro com um possível conceito presente em diferentes obras desses filósofos que é o programa de vida. Não se trata de um conceito efetivo, pois ele não é alçado a esse status pelos seus autores, ou pelo menos de forma objetiva. Cabe a este artigo, enfim, apresentar um plano sobre o qual esse protoconceito possa ser desenvolvido. Palavras-chave: Programa de vida; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersecção. The stroll of Deleuze-Guattarian philosophy and meeting with the possible concept of life programs: Of all the ways of studying philosophy, the stroll seemed to be the possible approach to the tangled intersected thinking of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Although some are dedicated to locating where each one's contribution begins and ends in the works that the two philosophers wrote together, it is in this between, at the meeting of two contemporary thinkers, that they generally faced questions specific to each field of action. That finally, they were able, through an exchange, or rather reciprocal theft, as Deleuze liked to say, that philosophy has been produced which does not fit but is not excluding from what tradition has conventionally called philosophy - reason. This tour highlights the encounter with a possible concept present in different works of these philosophers, which is the program of life. This is not an effective concept, as it is, they not raised to this status by its authors, or at least objectively. It is up to this article, finally, to present a plan on which this developing of concept. Key Works: Life program; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersection. Le promenade par la philosophie Deleuze-Guattarien à la rencontre avec la possible notion de programme de vie De toutes les manières de connaitre une philosophie, le promenade semblait être l’approche possible devant l’enchevêtrement de pensée intersecté de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari. Encore que certain se consacrent a localiser où commence et termine la contribution de chacun dans les oeuvres que les deux philosophes ont écrit ensemble, c’est dans ce entre, la rencontre de deux penseurs contemporains, qui ont généralement confronté les questions spécifiques a chaque champs d’actions, mais qui à la fin, ont été capable, grâce a l’échange, ou mieux du vol réciproque, comme aimait dire Deleuze, que s’est produite une philosophie que ne s’ajustait pas, mais aussi qui ne s’est exclue pas de ce que la tradition convenu a appelé philosophie- la raison. De ce chemin, ce démarque la rencontre avec une possible notion présente dans différentes oeuvres de ces philosophes qui est le programme de la vie. Il ne s’agit pas d’une notion efficace car il n’est élevé pas à ce statut par ses auteurs, ou au moins de forme objectif. Incombe a cet article, enfin, de présenter un plan sur lequel ce ‘proto-notion’ peut être développé.Mots clés : Programme de vie; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersection. Data de registro: 06/12/2019 Data de aceite: 13/10/2020. (shrink)

Whiteheadian concepts of life, food, "empty" and "occupied space" provide a theoretical basis to unpack an ontogenetic perspective on aging. Focusing on the so-called "Selective Optimization with Compensation " strategy, this work will explore this concept in relation to some scientific evidence in the fields of "epigenetics " and molecular nutrition. Further, the role of caloric restriction in health and longevity will be discussed as a SOC strategy, based on the metabolic theory of aging. SOC strategy applied to the processes (...) of aging, when linked with Whitehead's philosophy of organism, makes it possible for us to think about life as a selective process provided by "empty space. " A continuum within the physical field optimizes a "living society," which evolves in permanent social deficit, by means of compensation by nutritional metabolism. (shrink)

Este artigo discute a concepção de crítica da ideologia articulada nos estudos críticos da linguagem, mais especialmente na Análise de Discurso Crítica. O objetivo é problematizar a apreensão da categoria, a fim de repensar a natureza da ideologia e a prática de análise discursiva, a partir de uma perspectiva radical de crítica da linguagem. Em vista dessa pauta, organiza-se a investigação em quatro momentos. Inicialmente, reconstitui-se o percurso histórico de constituição da concepção negativa de ideologia na filosofia, em virtude do (...) qual a ADC dispôs seu quadro de pressupostos para a apropriação do conceito. Adiante, examinam-se as propriedades da categoria mobilizada no quadro teórico e metodológico da disciplina: definição, localização nos fatos da linguagem, natureza semiótica e tratamento analítico. Depois, discute-se o contorno da investidura do conceito, seus limites e contradições, com foco sobre três questões: a manifestação da ideologia em formas simbólicas, a relação entre processos ideológicos e lutas de poder e a prática de análise de discurso como crítica da ideologia. Ao fim, delineia-se uma leitura possível de crítica radical da linguagem, à luz das discussões de S. Žižek, para compreender a performance ideológica do signo linguístico na realidade social. (shrink)

This article aims to demonstrate the philosophical roots of Arthur Schopenhauer in the sensualist movement. To this end, I propose distancing him from claims of an unrestricted Romantic influence, without dismissing the influx from this movement, which reflects the spirit of his time. The focus is to associate the German philosopher with one of the movements that, though smaller, helped propel the Romantic period: Sensualism. This movement, which attributes all functions of the soul and, consequently, all knowledge to sensations, as (...) presented in Étienne Bonnot de Condillac's Treatise on Sensations – often regarded as the precursor of sensualism – exerted significant influence over French philosophers, among whom were some of his students and disciples who later sought to expand and refine the doctrine. The hypothesis of a sensualist influence on Schopenhauer will be supported through two theses: 1) the transition between intellect and will, presented in his magnum opus, The World as Will and Representation, which will be related to French physiology; and 2) his brief treatise on education, found in Parerga and Paralipomena, which will be associated with Johann Pestalozzi's pedagogy. (shrink)